Bacteria that forms "electric cables" at the bottom of sea.

In an extremely exciting find, scientists at Aarhus University in Denmark found a  type of bacteria that creates electrical currents on the sea floor. Despite the lack of air or sun light, these tiny bacteria flourish and form vast swaths of electrically pulsating multi-cellular organisms.

The researchers found that the bacteria breaks down substances in deeper sediments and releases life important compounds in the process, suggesting that it might play a crucial role in the deep sea ecosystem.

The bacteria, was first discovered in 2010 by Danish scientists in the aftermath of an investigation looking into chemical fluctuations in sediments from the bottom of Aarhus Bay.

These fluctuations were too anomalous to be chemical in nature, so the oxygen levels change was attributed to an electrical signal. What could have possible cause an electrical signal spread across tens of miles on the sea floor?

Their answer came in the form of the Desulfobulbus bacterial cells, which are only a few thousandths of a millimeter long each or 100 times thinner than a human hair – so tiny that they are invisible to the naked eye. These bacteria  form a multicellular filament that can transmit electrons across a distance as large as 1 centimeter as part of the filament’s respiration and ingestion processes. In just one teaspoon of mud, the researchers found afull half-mile of Desulfobulbaceae cable, while in an undisturbed area, says the team, there are tens of thousands of kilometers of cable bacteria living under a single square meter of seabed. And it’s not just a Danish phenomenon.

Lars Peter Nielsen, along with microbiologists Christian Pfeffer, Nils Risgaard-Petersen, have received numerous other samples from sea floors around the world where they found the same bacterial cells. This lead the scientists to suggest that quite possibly the sea and ocean floors of the world are buzzing with electrical current.

Until we found the cables, we imagined something cooperative where electrons were transported through external networks between different bacteria,” said Lars Peter Nielsen of the Aarhus Department of Bioscience and a corresponding author of the paper. “It was indeed a surprise to realize that it was all going on inside a single organism.”

The bacteria lives in marine sediments and feeds by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. Cells at the bottom live in a zone that is poor in oxygen but rich in hydrogen sulfide, and those at the top live in an area rich in oxygen but poor in hydrogen sulfide. To connect the two area, the bacteria developed long chains that transport individual electrons from the bottom to the top, completing the chemical reaction and generating life-sustaining energy. Water is released as a byproduct.

“I’m a physicist, so when I look at remarkable phenomena like this, I like to put it into a quantifiable process,” said El-Naggar, who was recently chosen as one of the Popular Science Brilliant 10 young scientists for his work in biological physics.
“This world is so fertile right now,” he said. “It’s just exploding.”

Cassini spots mini Nile River on Saturn moon

Scientists with NASA’s Cassini mission have spotted what appears to be a miniature extraterrestrial likeness of Earth’s Nile River — a river valley on Saturn’s moon Titan that stretches more than 200 miles (400 kilometers) from its “headwaters” to a large sea. It is the first time images have revealed a river system this vast and in such high resolution anywhere other than on Earth.

Magnetism

The ability of magnets to attract metal objects was already known more than 2000 years ago in ancient Greece, China and India. Our modern understanding of magnetism has its origin in the early 19th century, when the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted discovered its connection with electricity. His research led to the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell's first unification of forces in 1873. He described electricity and magnetism as two aspects of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's four equations of electromagnetism have become so iconic that nowadays you can find them printed on a T-shirt (check out a bookstore at a college or a university near you).

We're all familiar with magnets - pieces of metal (usually iron but also nickel or cobalt) that attract other metallic objects. (The flexible fridge magnets are also made of these metals, or their compounds, by mixing them with plastic.) Every magnet has a North pole and a South pole, near which the magnetic forces are strongest. The poles always come in pairs. Even if you cut the magnet in half, the two halves will each have a North pole and a South pole. The same poles on two magnets will repel each other while the opposite poles will attract. One can trace the invisible lines of magnetic force starting in one of the poles and ending in the other, as illustrated by the directions of the compass needles in this image. Strictly speaking the magnetic field lines don't end at the poles. They continue inside the magnet and emerge from the opposite pole thus forming closed loops.

Oersted was the first to observe how a metal wire with electrical current running through it affected a compass needle. His experiments led to the conclusion that electrical current - a stream of electrons speeding along the wire - also generated magnetic field. In this case we cannot talk about magnetic poles though, since the lines of magnetic forces encircle the wire like hula hoops.

An electron, the negatively-charged elementary particle, has its own intrinsic magnetic field. You can think of it as a result of the electric current caused by the electron itself spinning on its axis. Electrons in an atom interact on the quantum level and these interactions force them to always be parallel to one another, their magnetic fields aligned in the same or the opposite direction. Electrons within an atom pair up to neutralize each other's magnetic field, but if an atom has an unpaired electron, it becomes a tiny magnet itself. Under the influence of external magnetic forces these atoms tend to align the directions of their magnetic fields and thus the whole piece of metal becomes magnetic. We call it ferromagnetism.

The Earth itself has a magnetic field, thanks to electric currents in its outer core. Its magnetic poles don't coincide with its geographic poles. The magnetic poles keep moving around and they even reverse every few hundred thousand years. The Magnetic North Pole is currently some 800 km away from the Geographic North Pole, in the Northern Canada. The Chinese were the first to use Earth's magnetic field for navigation, having invented the compass more than one thousand years ago.

The most recent twist to our understanding of magnetism (ignoring quantum mechanics for the moment) came in 1905, with Albert Einstein publishing his Special Theory of Relativity. He devoted much of his seminal paper to the analysis of movement of charged particles (electrons) with speeds approaching the speed of light. In it, he showed that electrostatic and magnetic forces are linked by the same math that links space dimensions and time in his Special Theory of Relativity. Based on this, it is possible to understand magnetic forces, and to correctly derive their properties, as a relativistic effect of fast motion of electrostatic charges. This reasoning doesn't strictly apply to ferromagnetism, which is a quantum phenomenon, but with a dose of poetic licence you could say that your fridge poetry is held in place by relativity.

Non-smoker lungs vs Smoker lungs (black).

 If you haven't quit yet there's still time! If you don't want to end up like the lungs below consider this alternative or any other but please quit. This is NOT an Ad for anything. Simply a wake up call. These are real lungs. 
Here's an action plan to quit smoking http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/quit-smoking/MY00433

A Basic knowledge about the Sim Card

A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices ,such as mobile phones and computers.

It is also a portable memory chip used mostly in cell phones that operate on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. These cards hold the personal information of the account holder, including his or her phone number, address book, text messages, and other data. When a user wants to change phones, he or she can usually easily remove the card from one handset and insert it into another. SIM cards are convenient and popular with many users, and are a key part of developing cell phone technology.

Sim Cards are of four (4) Types. Named as Below H1, H2, H3, H4

H1= You Will Get Normal Network On This Sim
H2= You Will Get Better Network On This Sim, Means Strong
H3= You Will Get More Better Network On This Sim, Means Stronger
H4= Normal, Better, More Better Is Nothing In Front OF This Sim.

Basically H4 Sim giving for Corporate Sim, Army Peoples etc. The Company doesn’t Provide H4 Sim To all User,because this Sim eat More bandwidth. For knowing Which Type of Sim is using Just Check Its Back Side and will Get the Sim No. and the Sim Type.

SIM cards are made in three different sizes to accommodate different devices. Most phones use mini-SIM or micro-SIM cards, which are quite small — the mini is 25 mm by 15 mm , and the micro is 15 mm by 12 mm.Full-sized cards are much larger, 85.6 mm by 53.98 mm , and are too big for most phones. All cards are only 0.76 mm thick, and the microchip contacts are in the same arrangement. This means that, with the proper adapter, the smaller cards can be used in devices designed for larger ones.

A SIM card offers security for both the user’s data and his or her calls. The cards can be locked, meaning that only someone who has the correct personal identification number (PIN) can use the card. If the phone is stolen, the thief cannot use a locked SIM or get any information off of it without the PIN.

All about Neutrinos - The least understood fundamental particles!

Neutrinos are similar to the more familiar electron, with one crucial difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces which act on electrons. Neutrinos are affected only by a "weak" sub-atomic force of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and are therefore able to pass through great distances in matter without being affected by it. If neutrinos have mass, they also interact gravitationally with other massive particles, but gravity is by far the weakest of the four known forces.

Three types of neutrinos are known; there is strong evidence that no additional neutrinos exist, unless their properties are unexpectedly very different from the known types. Each type or "flavor" of neutrino is related to a charged particle (which gives the corresponding neutrino its name).

"Neutrinos are really pretty strange particles when you get down to it," says John Conway, a professor of physics at University of California, Davis. "They're almost nothing at all, because they have almost no mass and no electric charge...They're just little whisps of almost nothing." Ghost particles, they're often called.

It is the feeble interaction of neutrinos with matter that makes them uniquely valuable as astronomical messengers. Unlike photons or charged particles, neutrinos can emerge from deep inside their sources and travel across the universe without interference. They are not deflected by interstellar magnetic fields and are not absorbed by intervening matter. However, this same trait makes cosmic neutrinos extremely difficult to detect; immense instruments are required to find them in sufficient numbers to trace their origin.